"Tshotsholoza," also spelled "Shosholoza," is an Nguni song that was sung by the mixed tribes of gold miners in South Africa. It is a mix of Zulu and Ndebele words, and can have various other South African languages thrown in depending on the singers. It was sung by all-male African workers that were working in the South African mines in a call and response style. The song is so popular in South African culture that it is often referred to as South Africa's second national anthem. The Virginia Glee Club has performed the work several times under Frank Albinder, in an arrangement by Jeffrey Ames.
History[]
Although the original author of the song is Masingita Ngoveni, "Shosholoza" is a traditional miner's song, originally sung by groups of men from the Ndebele ethnic group that travelled by steam train from their homes in Zimbabwe (formerly known as Rhodesia) to work in South Africa's diamond and gold mines. The Ndebele live predominantly in Zimbabwe near its border with South Africa.[1] The song uses Ndebele words and is Zimbabwean in origin even though the Zulu and Zimbabwean Ndebele ethnic groups are very similar (see Nguni languages).[1]
Some people argue that the song describes the journey to the mines in South Africa, while others say it describes the return to Zimbabwe.[1] It is also sometimes sung "stimela siphume Rhodesia". According to cultural researchers Booth and Nauright, Zulu workers later took up the song to generate rhythm during group tasks and to alleviate boredom and stress.[2] The song was sung by working miners in time with the rhythm of swinging their axes to dig. It was usually sung under hardship in call and response style (one man singing a solo line and the rest of the group responding by copying him).[1] It was also sung by prisoners in call and response style using alto and soprano parts divided by row. The late former South African President Nelson Mandela described how he sang Shosholoza as he worked during his imprisonment on Robben Island. He described it as "a song that compares the apartheid struggle to the motion of an oncoming train" and went on to explain that "the singing made the work lighter".[3]
In contemporary times, it is used in varied contexts in South Africa to show solidarity in sporting events and other national events to relay the message that the players are not alone and are part of a team.
Climate activists made the song the centrepiece of their Occupy COP17 rally on 9 December 2011, the final day of the United Nations climate treaty negotiations. Activists were calling on negotiators to "Stand With Africa" and agree to a legally binding and effective treaty.[4]
Meaning[]
The song was usually sung to express the hardship of working in the mines. It expresses heartache over the hard work performed in the mines. The word Shosholoza or "tshotsholoza!" means go forward or make way for the next man, in Ndebele.[5] It is used as a term of encouragement and hope for the workers as a sign of solidarity. The sound "sho sho" uses onomatopoeia and reminiscent of the sound made by the steam train (stimela).[1] Stimela is an Nguni word for steam train. "Kulezo ntaba!" means (At those far away mountains), "Stimela Siphume eZimbabwe" (the train come from Zimbabwe), "Wen' uya baleka" (Because you're running away/hurrying).[1] In contemporary times, its meaning is to show support for any struggle.[6]
Pop culture references[]
The song is also used in pop culture to convey messages of hope and solidarity for athletes during competitions or in other times of hardship and distress.
Recordings[]
The song has been recorded by a variety of artists, including Pete Seeger, John Edmond, Helmut Lotti, Ladysmith Black Mambazo, PJ Powers, Soweto Gospel Choir, Hemo, Peter Gabriel (as the B-side of his single "Biko"), Sérgio Dias and Drakensberg Boys' Choir, as well as being a standard of most gumboots bands.[1][7]
Lyrics[]
The lyrics of the song vary, as do the transcriptions. In the older traditional styles, the words translate to "train from Rhodesia".[1] Such is the version heard in the movie The Gods Must Be Crazy and as sung by Pete Seeger in his album We Shall Overcome. Here is one example:
- Shosholoza
- Kulezo ntaba
- Stimela siphume South Africa
- Shosholoza
- Kulezo ntaba
- Stimela siphume South Africa
- Wen' uyabaleka
- Kulezo ntaba
- Stimela siphume South Africa
A rough translation:
- Go forward
- Go forward
- from those mountains
- on this train from South Africa
- Go forward
- Go forward
- You are running away
- You are running away
- from those mountains
- on this train from South Africa
Virginia Glee Club performances[]
- Founder's Day Concert (2007)
- Choral Showcase (2010)
- Christmas Concert (2010)
- 140th Anniversary Concert
- Choral Showcase (2019)
Recordings[]
References[]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 "Untitled". http://singafrica.londongt.org/index.php?page=shosholoza.
- ↑ Booth, D. and Nauright, J. 2007. Embodied Identities: Sport and Race in South Africa in Contours: A Journal of the African Diaspora, Spring 2003, Vol.1, No.1, accessed 09/08/07
- ↑ Mandela, N. 1994. Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela, London: Little, Brown and Co., p. 394.
- ↑ http://oneworldgroup.org/2011/12/09/flashmob-protest-on-last-day-of-cop17-durban-south-africa/
- ↑ Hadebe, S. 2001. Isichazamazwi SesiNdebele, Harare: College Press Publishers.
- ↑ Opio, Joseph (11 June 2010). "South Africa: Shosholoza - the Unofficial Anthem That Will Inspire Bafana Bafana". http://allafrica.com/stories/201006110727.html.
- ↑ 1960's album
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